Examples of Permutations

 

Examples from Permutations

Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series

By Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha, PostNetwork Academy


Example 1

How many 4-digit numbers can be formed by using the digits 1 to 9 if repetition of digits is not allowed?

Solution:

  • Total digits: 9
  • Required 4-digit numbers:
    \[
    P(9, 4) = \frac{9!}{(9-4)!} = 9 \times 8 \times 7 \times 6 = 3024
    \]

Example 2

How many numbers lying between 100 and 1000 can be formed with the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if the repetition of the digits is not allowed?

Solution:

  • Total 3-digit numbers:
    \[
    P(6, 3)
    \]
  • Numbers with 0 in the hundreds place:
    \[
    P(5, 2)
    \]
  • Required numbers:
    \[
    P(6, 3) – P(5, 2) = 120 – 20 = 100
    \]

Example 3

Find the value of \( n \) such that \( P(n, 5) = 42 \times P(n, 3) \).

Solution:

  • Expand:
    \[
    n(n-1)(n-2)(n-3)(n-4) = 42 \times n(n-1)(n-2)
    \]
  • Simplify:
    \[
    n^2 – 7n – 30 = 0
    \]
  • Solve:
    \[
    (n-10)(n+3) = 0 \Rightarrow n = 10 \quad (\text{as } n > 0)
    \]

Example 4

Find \( r \) if \( P(5, r) = 6 \times P(5, r-1) \).

Solution:

  • Expand:
    \[
    \frac{5!}{(5-r)!} = 6 \times \frac{5!}{(5-(r-1))!}
    \]
  • Simplify:
    \[
    (6-r)(5-r) = 6
    \]
  • Solve:
    \[
    r^2 – 11r + 24 = 0 \Rightarrow (r-8)(r-3) = 0
    \]
  • Values of \( r \): \( r = 8 \) or \( r = 3 \).

Example 5

Find the number of different 8-letter arrangements of DAUGHTER where:

  • (i) All vowels occur together.
  • (ii) All vowels do not occur together.

Solution:

  • (i) Treat vowels (A, U, E) as a single unit:
    \[
    6! \times 3! = 4320
    \]
  • (ii) Total arrangements:
    \[
    8! – 6! \times 3! = 36000
    \]

Example 6

In how many ways can 4 red, 3 yellow, and 2 green discs be arranged in a row if discs of the same color are indistinguishable?

Solution:

  • Total discs: 9
  • Arrangements:
    \[
    \frac{9!}{4! \times 3! \times 2!} = 1260
    \]

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