Moments and Other Measures in Terms of Expectations Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series By Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha – PostNetwork Academy Moments The \( r^{th} \) order moment about any point \( A \) of a variable \( X \) is given by: For discrete variables: \[ \mu_r’ = \sum_{i=1}^{n} p_i (x_i – A)^r […]
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Bivariate Discrete Cumulative Distribution Function Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series Author: Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha Institute: PostNetwork Academy Joint and Marginal Distribution Functions for Discrete Random Variables Two-Dimensional Joint Distribution Function The distribution function of the two-dimensional random variable \((X, Y)\) for all real \(x\) and \(y\) is defined as: \[ F(x,y) = P(X \leq
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Some Questions Based on Discrete Probability Distributions Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series Problem 1 2 bad articles are mixed with 5 good ones. Find the probability distribution of the number of bad articles if 2 articles are drawn at random. Let \( X \) be the number of bad articles drawn. Possible values:
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Discrete Random Variable and Probability Mass Function Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series A random variable is said to be discrete if it has either a finite or a countable number of values. Countable values are those which can be arranged in a sequence, corresponding to natural numbers. Example: Number of students present each
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Random Variables and Probability Distributions Introduction to Random Variables In many experiments, we are interested in a numerical characteristic associated with outcomes of a random experiment. A random variable (RV) is a function that assigns a numerical value to each outcome of a random experiment. Example: Consider tossing a fair die twice and defining \(
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Bayes’ Theorem and Examples Formula The formula for Bayes’ Theorem is given by: $$ P(E_i | A) = \frac{P(E_i) P(A | E_i)}{\sum_{j=1}^{n} P(E_j) P(A | E_j)} $$ Key Terminology \(E_i\) are hypotheses or possible causes. \(P(E_i)\) is the prior probability of \(E_i\). \(P(E_i | A)\) is the posterior probability of \(E_i\). The denominator ensures
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Problems Using Both Addition and Multiplicative Laws Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series PostNetwork Academy Probability Laws The addition law of probability states: \[ P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A \cap B) \] The multiplicative law of probability for independent events states: \[ P(A \cap B) = P(A) \cdot P(B) \]
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Probability of Happening at Least One Independent Event Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series By: Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha Institute: PostNetwork Academy 1. Probability of Happening at Least One Independent Event If \( A \) and \( B \) are independent events, the probability of happening at least one of the events is: \[ P(A
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Conditional Probability and Multiplicative Law Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series Conditional Probability Conditional probability represents the likelihood of an event \( A \), given that another event \( B \) has already occurred. It is defined as: \[ P(A|B) = \frac{P(A \cap B)}{P(B)}, \quad \text{if } P(B) > 0. \] Example: Deck
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More on Axiomatic Approach to Probability Data Science and AI Lecture Series By Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha Statement of the First Proof Prove: \( P(A \cap B^c) = P(A) – P(A \cap B) \) This formula expresses the probability of \( A \) occurring without \( B \). It uses the complement rule and properties of
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