Some Questions of Linear Algebra: Linear Transformation

Algebra /

  Some Questions of Linear Algebra: Linear Transformation Definition: Linear Transformation A linear transformation \(T: \mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^m\) is a function that satisfies: Additivity: \(T(\mathbf{u} + \mathbf{v}) = T(\mathbf{u}) + T(\mathbf{v})\) for all \(\mathbf{u}, \mathbf{v} \in \mathbb{R}^n\). Homogeneity: \(T(c \mathbf{v}) = c T(\mathbf{v})\) for all \(\mathbf{v} \in \mathbb{R}^n\) and scalars \(c\). Numerical Example: Linear Transformation […]

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Central Limit Theorem (CLT) and Uniformly Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator (UMVUE)

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Central Limit Theorem (CLT) and Uniformly Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimator (UMVUE) By: Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha Institute: PostNetwork Academy Question 1 Suppose \( X_1, X_2, \dots \) is an i.i.d. sequence of random variables with common variance \( \sigma^2 > 0 \). Define: \[ Y_n = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} X_{2i-1}, \quad Z_n = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} X_{2i} \]

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Continuous Random Variable and Probability Density Function

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  Continuous Random Variable and Probability Density Function Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series Continuous Random Variable and Probability Density Function A random variable is continuous if it can take any real value within a given range. Instead of probability mass function, we use probability density function (PDF), denoted by \( f(x) \). The probability

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Some Questions Based on Discrete Probability Distributions

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Some Questions Based on Discrete Probability Distributions Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series   Problem 1 2 bad articles are mixed with 5 good ones. Find the probability distribution of the number of bad articles if 2 articles are drawn at random. Let \( X \) be the number of bad articles drawn. Possible values:

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Discrete Random Variable and Probability Mass Function

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  Discrete Random Variable and Probability Mass Function Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series A random variable is said to be discrete if it has either a finite or a countable number of values. Countable values are those which can be arranged in a sequence, corresponding to natural numbers. Example: Number of students present each

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Random Variables and Probability Distributions

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Random Variables and Probability Distributions Introduction to Random Variables In many experiments, we are interested in a numerical characteristic associated with outcomes of a random experiment. A random variable (RV) is a function that assigns a numerical value to each outcome of a random experiment. Example: Consider tossing a fair die twice and defining \(

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Bayes’ Theorem and Examples | Data Science & AI

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  Bayes’ Theorem and Examples Formula The formula for Bayes’ Theorem is given by: $$ P(E_i | A) = \frac{P(E_i) P(A | E_i)}{\sum_{j=1}^{n} P(E_j) P(A | E_j)} $$ Key Terminology \(E_i\) are hypotheses or possible causes. \(P(E_i)\) is the prior probability of \(E_i\). \(P(E_i | A)\) is the posterior probability of \(E_i\). The denominator ensures

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Law of Total Probability and Examples

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Law of Total Probability and Examples Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series By Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha, PostNetwork Academy Partition of a Sample Space A set of events \(E_1, E_2, E_3, E_4\) represents a partition of the sample space \(S\) if: \( E_i \cap E_j = \emptyset \) for \( i \neq j \) (pairwise disjoint).

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Addition and Multiplicative Laws Probability Explained

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  Problems Using Both Addition and Multiplicative Laws Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series PostNetwork Academy Probability Laws The addition law of probability states: \[ P(A \cup B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A \cap B) \] The multiplicative law of probability for independent events states: \[ P(A \cap B) = P(A) \cdot P(B) \]

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Probability

Probability of Happening at Least One Independent Event

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  Probability of Happening at Least One Independent Event Data Science and A.I. Lecture Series By: Bindeshwar Singh Kushwaha Institute: PostNetwork Academy 1. Probability of Happening at Least One Independent Event If \( A \) and \( B \) are independent events, the probability of happening at least one of the events is: \[ P(A

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